Quick Answer

HIV attacks the immune system, specifically the CD4 cells (T cells) that help the body fight infections. Without treatment, the virus destroys so many of these cells that the body can no longer defend itself, leading to AIDS. Modern antiretroviral therapy can lower the viral load to undetectable levels, preserving immune function and preventing transmission.

  • HIV targets and kills CD4 cells, a type of white blood cell.
  • The immune system weakens as CD4 cell count drops.
  • AIDS is the advanced stage of HIV when CD4 count falls below 200.
  • With treatment, HIV can become undetectable and transmission stops.
  • HIV is a retrovirus that integrates its DNA into host cells.

Context Most Pages Skip

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) specifically attacks the body's immune system, with a primary target on CD4 cells, also known as T-helper cells. These cells are crucial for signaling other immune cells to respond to infections. The virus enters these cells, replicates, and eventually destroys them, leaving the body vulnerable to other infections. Understanding this mechanism helps explain why early detection and treatment are essential for preserving immune health and preventing progression to AIDS.

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⚕️ This page is educational and does not replace advice from a licensed clinician. If you may have been exposed to an STI, get tested — most infections are manageable, and many are fully curable.

Sources & Further Reading

Figures reflect CDC surveillance and WHO estimates; they are population statistics, not personal risk predictions.