Quick Answer
HIV binds to a host immune cell by attaching its surface protein, gp120, to the CD4 receptor, then to a co-receptor (CCR5 or CXCR4). This triggers fusion of the viral envelope with the cell membrane, allowing the virus to enter and begin replication.
- HIV uses the gp120 protein on its outer envelope to bind to CD4 receptors.
- A co-receptor (CCR5 or CXCR4) is required for the virus to enter the cell.
- After binding, the viral envelope fuses with the host cell membrane.
- Once inside, HIV releases its RNA and uses reverse transcriptase to make DNA.
- Modern antiretroviral therapy can suppress HIV to undetectable levels (U=U).
- HIV is the virus; AIDS is the advanced stage of untreated infection.
Context Most Pages Skip
Understanding how HIV enters a host cell is key to grasping why it is so persistent and how modern treatment works. HIV is a retrovirus that targets CD4 immune cells, primarily helper T cells. The binding process is not random – it relies on specific molecular interactions that scientists have studied to develop effective drugs. This guide explains the step-by-step mechanism, distinguishes HIV from AIDS, and clarifies why reaching an undetectable viral load prevents transmission.
Frequently Asked Questions
How does a retrovirus like hiv enter a host cell?
HIV binds to a host immune cell by attaching its surface protein, gp120, to the CD4 receptor, then to a co-receptor (CCR5 or CXCR4). This triggers fusion of the viral envelope with the cell membrane, allowing the virus to enter and begin replication.
How does hiv enter a host cell?
HIV binds to a host immune cell by attaching its surface protein, gp120, to the CD4 receptor, then to a co-receptor (CCR5 or CXCR4). This triggers fusion of the viral envelope with the cell membrane, allowing the virus to enter and begin replication.
How does hiv enter the host cell?
HIV binds to a host immune cell by attaching its surface protein, gp120, to the CD4 receptor, then to a co-receptor (CCR5 or CXCR4). This triggers fusion of the viral envelope with the cell membrane, allowing the virus to enter and begin replication.
How does hiv enter the host?
HIV binds to a host immune cell by attaching its surface protein, gp120, to the CD4 receptor, then to a co-receptor (CCR5 or CXCR4). This triggers fusion of the viral envelope with the cell membrane, allowing the virus to enter and begin replication.
Related Questions
Sources & Further Reading
- CDC — Sexually Transmitted Infections
- CDC STI Treatment Guidelines
- WHO — Sexually transmitted infections fact sheet
- MedlinePlus — Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Figures reflect CDC surveillance and WHO estimates; they are population statistics, not personal risk predictions.